Homeowners in California will often be subject to high property taxes. However, the state’s laws do provide some benefits for property owners by limiting the amount that property taxes can be increased each year. When a home is bought or sold, a reassessment will be performed to determine the property taxes that will apply based on the home’s current market value. In certain cases, homeowners may be able to avoid a reassessment by transferring the value of their current home to a new property. A recent change in the law has affected when these “base year value transfers” may be performed.

Proposition 19 and Base Year Value Transfers

California’s Revenue and Taxation Code was amended in 2021 after the passage of Proposition 19. New provisions regarding base year value transfers went into effect on April 1, 2021. These included changes to who may perform these types of transfers and the time limits for doing so. 

A property’s factored base year value is determined based on the value of the property in 1975 or the last time a reassessment was performed due to a change in ownership or new construction. This amount may be increased by a maximum of 2% per year, and property taxes will be assessed based on this value. A person who performs a base year value transfer will be able to transfer the factored base year value of their current primary residence to a new primary residence. If the full cash value of the replacement residence is higher than the full cash value of the original property, the difference in these values will be added to the transferred base year value.

There are a variety of situations where taxpayers may need to respond to claims that they owe taxes to the IRS. In some cases, different forms of relief may be available that will absolve a person of their tax debts or allow them to reduce the amount they owe. Some taxpayers may be able to ask for innocent spouse relief, including when the IRS seeks to recover tax debts from a person after their divorce based on an audit of a joint tax return filed while they were married. A person may believe that they will qualify for innocent spouse relief if they had not signed a joint tax return, but they will need to understand how the IRS will address this issue.

The Tacit Consent Doctrine

Married couples will often divide different types of responsibilities, and one spouse may primarily handle matters related to a couple’s finances, including preparing and filing joint tax returns. In these situations, the other spouse may not have a full understanding of the income and assets that have been reported to the IRS, the types of deductions and credits that have been claimed, or other issues that affect the taxes they have paid or the refunds they have received.

If a spouse was not involved in preparing or filing taxes, they may not be aware of potential tax debts or penalties. In some cases, a person may not have actually signed a joint tax return, or their spouse or another party may have signed their name on tax forms for them with the intent of streamlining the tax filing process. However, even if a person had not signed a tax return or was unaware of what was being filed, the IRS may still find that they are liable for tax debts based on what is known as the “tacit consent doctrine.”

There are a variety of reasons why taxpayers may disagree with decisions made by the IRS. Following a tax audit, the IRS may perform a tax assessment and take steps to collect tax debts. However, if a taxpayer believes that the IRS made errors when determining tax deficiencies, they may file an appeal in the U.S. Tax Court. There are multiple issues that may be addressed during a tax appeal, and understanding the types of cases that are litigated in U.S. Tax Courts can help a taxpayer determine their options for resolving tax-related concerns.

Top U.S. Tax Court Issues in 2021

According to a report submitted to Congress by the Taxpayer Advocate Service, the top issues addressed in U.S. Tax Court litigation in 2021 were:

• Gross income - Section 61 of the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) details the types of income that may be considered when determining a taxpayer’s gross income, including compensation received for performing services, commissions, fringe benefits, interest, dividends, royalties, business income, pensions, and annuities. However, controversies may arise regarding what constitutes gross income and the taxes that should apply to the income a taxpayer receives.

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California’s Employment Development Department (EDD) handles state payroll taxes, as well as unemployment benefits. While the EDD has struggled to address the large amount of unemployment insurance claims during the COVID-19 pandemic, it is beginning to return to normalcy, and it has resumed payroll tax audits. Businesses that are facing these types of audits will need to understand their requirements, as well as the post-audit issues that they may encounter.

Issues and Records Addressed in an EDD Audit

Audits performed by EDD will review a company’s records to ensure that wages and other payments made to employees have been reported correctly and that an employer is in compliance with its requirements under the California Unemployment Insurance Code (CUIC). An initial EDD audit will generally cover a period of up to 3 years, and it may review records for the 12 most recent quarters. Worker classification is one of the primary issues addressed in an audit, and it may determine whether workers have been incorrectly classified as independent contractors rather than employees. 

A business will be required to provide its records during an audit, usually starting with the following:

Taxpayers who owe tax debts to the IRS may have multiple options for addressing these issues. In some cases, a taxpayer may propose an offer in compromise that will allow them to pay less than the total amount owed and resolve their tax liabilities. While certain restrictions have traditionally applied in these cases, some recent policy changes by the IRS may provide benefits for taxpayers who make an offer in compromise. 

Changes to Tax Refund Offsets

In the past, when a taxpayer made an offer in compromise, they would agree that the IRS would be able to offset any tax refund they received for the current year and apply that amount toward their tax debt. For example, if a taxpayer had tax debts from 2017, and they proposed an offer in compromise in 2019, when they filed a tax return for the tax year of 2019, the IRS would be able to offset some or all of the tax refund they were eligible to receive for that year.

Starting on November 1, 2021, the IRS no longer offset tax refunds for the current calendar year after a taxpayer requests an offer in compromise. This means that if a taxpayer requests an offer in compromise in 2022, they will be able to receive a full tax refund after filing their tax return for 2022. However to prevent potential abuse, the IRS may offset refunds in cases where a taxpayer requests and receives an offer in compromise and then files an amended tax return that will allow them to receive an increased refund.